Illustrative examples and symbols

Illustrative Examples

Illustrative Ket examples serve as the primary source for defining word meanings. These contexts were collected during fieldwork with native speakers or extracted from published texts and archival materials. The source of each illustrative example is indicated. All examples are provided with translations into English and Russian.

Any misprints or translation errors in the source texts were corrected; phonetic transcription was unified.

Symbols

• ~ (tilde) separates allomorphs in verb formulas: aqta⁷-t⁵-a⁴-b³-qan~qon⁰ ‘smn is glad’.
• / (slash) separates:
  • Closely related headword variants: hāb / haˀb ‘side, thigh’
  • Different plural forms: atis₁ atisaŋ / atintəŋ ‘the splayed roots of an uprooted tree’
  • Gender class labels: tude fem / neut ‘this’
  • Phonetic variants in examples: dadiɣɔna / dadiɔna ‘she hid him’
  • Translational variants in examples: āp kɨtiŋ kεˀt ‘the person cursed by me / cursing me’
• ( ) (parentheses) indicate:
  • Explanatory comments or additional info: imil ‘Ket delicacy (nut paste from a squirrel’s stomach)
  • Elements that sporadically appear/disappear in verb forms: utis⁷-a⁵-qan~qon~(k)set⁰ ‘smn/smth approaches, comes (of time)’
• [ ] (brackets) are used for:
  • Literal translation variants: usaq aqta bɔˀk də̄p ‘birch firewood burns well [fire eats (it) well]’
  • Phonetically unaltered Ket forms: tanʲgij isʲtiŋa, bʌnbuj [bʌnʲbɔʁɔj] āt qannəmεsʲaŋ ‘tell the fish, I do not want to be a queen’
  • TAM markers in the verb stem formula: ajeŋ⁷-[s⁴]-[l²]-a⁰ ‘smn curses smn/smth’
• <> (angle brackets) show a donor language for a loanword, e.g.: nela ‘week’.